A Guide To Outdoor Gas Fireplaces

Turbulence ... Irregularity: Turbulent flows are always highly irregular. This is why turbulence problems are always treated statistically rather than deterministically...

Charles's Law ... His statement of the law can be expressed mathematically as: where V100 is the volume occupied by a given sample of gas at 100 °C; V0 is the volume occupied by the same sample of gas at 0 °C; and k is a constant which is the same for all gases at constant pressure...

Perfect Gas ... A thermally perfect gas is in thermodynamic equilibrium is not chemically reacting has internal energy e, enthalpy h, and specific heat Cv that are functions of temperature only and not of pressure, i.e., ... This type of approximation is useful for modeling, for example, an axial compressor where temperature fluctuations are usually not large enough to cause any significant deviations from the thermally perfect gas model... Even more restricted is the calorically perfect gas for which, in addition, the specific heat is assumed to be constant: and ...

Viscosity ... Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. For example, high-viscosity felsic magma will create a tall, steep stratovolcano, because it cannot flow far before it cools, while low-viscosity mafic lava will create a wide, shallow-sloped shield volcano...

Thermodynamic Equilibrium ... Thermodynamics Branches Classical · Statistical · Chemical Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Thermofluids Laws Zeroth · First · Second · Third Systems State: Equation of state Ideal gas · Real gas Phase of matter · Equilibrium Control volume · Instruments Processes: Isobaric · Isochoric · Isothermal Adiabatic · Isentropic · Isenthalpic Quasistatic · Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility · Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles: Heat engines · Heat pumps Thermal efficiency System properties Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties State functions: Temperature / Entropy (intro.) † Pressure / Volume † Chemical potential / Particle no... † († Conjugate variables) Vapor quality Reduced properties Process functions: Work · Heat Material properties Specific heat capacity Compressibility Thermal expansion...

Future Car Technologies ... With rising gas prices, the future of the automobile is now leaning towards fuel efficiency, energy-savers, hybrid vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and fuel-cell vehicles...

Fuel ... Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by humans is wood. Evidence shows controlled fire was used up to 1.5 million years ago at Swartkrans, South Africa...

Equation Of State ... The pressure of the gas could be determined by the difference between the mercury level in the short end of the tube and that in the long, open end... Mathematically, this can be represented for n species as: The ideal gas law (1834) In 1834 Émile Clapeyron combined Boyle's Law and Charles' law into the first statement of the ideal gas law... Initially the law was formulated as pVm = R (TC + 267) (with temperature expressed in degrees Celsius), where R is the gas constant...

Alternative Fuel Vehicle ... 14.7 million natural gas vehicles by December 2011, led by Iran with 2.86 million, Pakistan (2.85 million), Argentina (2.04 million), Brazil (1.7 million), and India (1.1 million)...

History Of The Automobile ... The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789. 19th century Among other efforts, in 1815, a professor at Prague Polytechnich, Josef Bozek, built an oil-fired steam car...

Thermodynamic Temperature ... At its simplest, temperature arises from the kinetic energy of the vibrational motions of matter's particle constituents (molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles). The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, contribute the total thermal energy (loosely, the heat energy) within a substance...

Gasification ... Syngas may be burned directly in gas engines, used to produce methanol and hydrogen, or converted via the Fischer-Tropsch process into synthetic fuel... In addition, the high-temperature process refines out corrosive ash elements such as chloride and potassium, allowing clean gas production from otherwise problematic fuels... Initially developed to produce town gas for lighting & cooking in 1800s, this was replaced by electricity and natural gas, it was also used in blast furnaces but the bigger role was played in the production of synthetic chemicals where it has been in use since the 1920s...

Avogadro's Law ... Thus, the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of gas is independent of their size or the molar mass of the gas... As an example, equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen contain the same number of molecules when they are at the same temperature and pressure, and observe ideal gas behavior... Mathematical definition Avogadro's law is stated mathematically as: Where: V is the volume of the gas...

Boyle's Law ... As improvements in technology permitted higher pressures and lower temperatures, deviations from the ideal gas behavior became noticeable, and the relationship between pressure and volume can only be accurately described employing real gas theory...

Van Der Waals Force ... All intermolecular/van der Waals forces are anisotropic (except those between two noble gas atoms), which means that they depend on the relative orientation of the molecules... When molecules are in thermal motion, as they are in the gas and liquid phase, the electrostatic force is averaged out to a large extent, because the molecules thermally rotate and thus probe both repulsive and attractive parts of the electrostatic force...

Automobile ... The term motorcar has also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems...

Statistical Mechanics ... Statistical mechanics was initiated in 1870 with the work of Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, much of which was collectively published in Boltzmann's 1896 Lectures on Gas Theory...

Biofuel ... Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn or sugarcane. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production...

Behavior Of Nuclear Fuel During A Reactor Accident ... According to one paper the following difference between the cladding failure mode of unused and used fuel was seen. Unirradiated fuel rods were pressurized before being placed in a special reactor at the Japanese Nuclear Safety Research Reactor (NSRR) where they were subjected to a simulated RIA transient...

MOX Fuel ... One attraction of MOX fuel is that it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium, an alternative to storage of surplus plutonium, which would need to be secured against the risk of theft for use in nuclear weapons. On the other hand, some studies warned that normalising the global commercial use of MOX fuel and the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle...

Fossil Fuel ... It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world...