A Boost For Fuel Cells

Further Reading: Fuel

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Biodiesel By Region ... Australia The Fuel Standard (Biodiesel) Determination 2003 was signed by the Minister for the Environment and Heritage on 18 September 2006...

Automotive Industry ... The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to automobiles after delivery to the customer, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations...

Automobile Safety ... Improvements in roadway and automobile designs have steadily reduced injury and death rates in all first world countries. Nevertheless, auto collisions are the leading cause of injury-related deaths, an estimated total of 1.2 million in 2004, or 25% of the total from all causes...

Attribution Of Recent Climate Change ... Attribution of recent change to anthropogenic forcing is based on the following facts: The observed change is not consistent with natural variability. Known natural forcings would, if anything, be negative over this period...

Effects Of The Automobile On Societies ... The effects of the automobile on everyday life have been a subject of controversy. While the introduction of the mass-produced automobile represented a revolution in mobility and convenience, the modern consequences of heavy automotive use contribute to the use of non-renewable fuels, a dramatic increase in the rate of accidental death, social isolation, the disconnection of community, the rise in obesity, the generation of air & noise pollution, urban sprawl, and urban decay...

Future Car Technologies ... With rising gas prices, the future of the automobile is now leaning towards fuel efficiency, energy-savers, hybrid vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and fuel-cell vehicles... A variety of alternative fuel vehicles have been proposed or sold, including electric cars, hydrogen cars, compressed-air cars and liquid nitrogen cars...

Biodiesel ... Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines... Blends Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace... Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix: 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100, while 20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20 5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5 2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2...

Peak Oil ... This concept is based on the observed production rates of individual oil wells, projected reserves and the combined production rate of a field of related oil wells. In order to understand physical Peak oil, the growing effort for production must be considered...

Alternative Fuel Vehicle ... Hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius are not actually alternative fuel vehicles, but through advanced technologies in the electric battery and motor/generator, they make a more efficient use of petroleum fuel... Other research and development efforts in alternative forms of power focus on developing all-electric and fuel cell vehicles, and even the stored energy of compressed air... As of 2011 there were more than one billion vehicles in use in the world, compared with around 70 million alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles that had been sold or converted worldwide as of December 2011, and made up mainly of: 27.1 million flexible-fuel vehicles through December 2011, led by Brazil with 16.3 million, followed by the United States with almost 10 million, Canada (600,000), and Europe, led by Sweden (228,522)...

Uranium Nitride ... Uranium mononitride was used as driver fuel for two core loads of the sodium cooled BR-10 reactor in Russia... The property which makes uranium mononitride highly attractive as a nuclear fuel is the combination of a high melting temperature with high thermal conductivity... Increased thermal conductivity results in lower thermal gradients between inner and outer sections of the fuel, potentially allowing for higher operating temperatures and reducing macroscopic restructuring of the fuel, which limits fuel lifetime...

Gasification ... The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas is potentially more efficient than direct combustion of the original fuel because it can be combusted at higher temperatures or even in fuel cells, so that the thermodynamic upper limit to the efficiency defined by Carnot's rule is higher or not applicable... Syngas may be burned directly in gas engines, used to produce methanol and hydrogen, or converted via the Fischer-Tropsch process into synthetic fuel... During both world wars especially the Second World War the need of gasification produced fuel reemerged due to the shortage of petroleum...

Road Traffic Safety ... The standard measures used in assessing road safety interventions are fatalities and Killed or Seriously Injured (KSI) rates, usually per billion (109) passenger kilometres. Countries caught in the old road safety paradigm, replace KSI rates with crash rates - for example, crashes per million vehicle miles...

History Of The Automobile ... The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789. 19th century Among other efforts, in 1815, a professor at Prague Polytechnich, Josef Bozek, built an oil-fired steam car...

Decay Heat ... Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially present from the Earth's beginning. In nuclear reactor engineering, decay heat plays an important role in reactor heat generation during the relatively short time after the reactor has been shut down (see SCRAM), and nuclear chain reactions have been suspended...

Automobile ... Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; the engines of these burn over a billion cubic meters (260 billion US gallons) of petrol/gasoline and diesel fuel yearly...

Fuel ... Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as tar sands... Fission The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor; nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of fuel rods) composed of the fuel material, perhaps mixed with structural, neutron moderating, or neutron reflecting materials... The most common fissile nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu, and the actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of these elements together make up the nuclear fuel cycle, which is important for its relevance to nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons...

Uranium Carbide ... Like uranium dioxide and some other uranium compounds, uranium carbide can be used as a nuclear fuel for nuclear reactors, usually in the form of pellets or tablets... Uranium carbide pellets are used as fuel kernels for the US version of pebble bed reactors; the German version uses uranium dioxide instead...

Environmental Impact Of The Energy Industry ... In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources lead to global warming and climate change. However in many parts of the world little change is being made...

Second Generation Biofuels ... In comparison, second generation biofuels are made from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural residues or waste, which makes it harder to extract the required fuel... Second generation biofuels can help solve these problems and can supply a larger proportion of our fuel supply sustainably, affordably, and with greater environmental benefits...

Nuclear Fuel ... The actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of nuclear fuel together make up the nuclear fuel cycle...

Spent Nuclear Fuel ... A paper describing a method of making a non-radioactive "uranium active" simulation of spent oxide fuel exists...

Vegetable Oil Fuel ... In the 1990s Bougainville conflict, islanders cut off from oil supplies due to a blockade used coconut oil to fuel their vehicles... Application and usability While engineers and enthusiasts have been experimenting with using vegetable oils as fuel for a diesel engine since at least 1900, it is only recently that the necessary fuel properties and engine parameters for reliable operation have become apparent... Modified fuel systems Most diesel car engines are suitable for the use of SVO, also commonly called pure plant oil (PPO), with suitable modifications...

Vegetable Oil Refining ... Refined diesel can be produced that is chemically identical to diesel fuel and does not have the problems specific to transesterified biodiesel... Petrobras planned to use 256 megalitres (1,610,000 bbl) of vegetable oils in the production of H-Bio fuel in 2007...